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10. Intangible assets

(a) 2015

Balance as at 1 January 2015       
 Research and development expensesGoodwillComputer software, licenses, concessions and patentsEasement rightsCustomer relationsGeological informationTotal
Cost opening balance 3 375 229 323 328 933 22 865 16 000 - 600 496
Accumulated amortization (424) - (168 528) (1 258) (13 792) - (184 002)
Impairment loss - (26 315) (218) - - - (26 533)
Net carrying amount opening balance  2 951  203 008  160 187  21 607  2 208  - 389 961
               
               
Changes in 12 months ended 31 December 2014
Reclassifications 38 - 63 003 9 961 - - 73 002
Acquisition - - 20 538 282 - - 20 820
Disposal (cost) (214) - (64) (17) - - (295)
Disposal (accumulated amortization) 214 - 81 - - - 295
Depreciation (117) - (19 787) (971) (2 208) (129) (23 212)
Impairment loss * - (201 202) (5 057) (368) - - (206 627)
Acquisition of subsidiaries - - 4 979 - - 13 222 18 201
Liquidation (cost) - - (445) - - - (445)
Liquidation (accumulated amortization) - - 430 - - - 430
Other 694 - (705) (185) - - (196)
Other (accumulated amortization) (77) - 108 151 - - 182
               
               
Balance as at 31 December 2015              
Cost closing balance 3 893 229 323 416 239 32 906 16 000 13 222 711 583
Accumulated amortization (404) - (187 696) (2 078) (16 000) (129) (206 307)
Impairment loss - (227 517) (5 275) (368) - - (233 160)
Net carrying amount closing balance  3 489 1 806 223 268 30 460 - 13 093 272 116

* Information on the results of the impairment test performed in the fourth quarter of 2015 in relation to property, plant and equipment and impairment losses are presented in note 7. Impairment of property, plant and equipment was recognized in “ Impairment loss of non-financial non-current assets “ and “Impairment of goodwill” lines in profit or loss.

(b) 2014

Balance as at 1 January 2014 
 Research and development expensesGoodwillComputer software, licenses, concessions and patentsEasement rightsCustomer relationsTotal
Cost opening balance 3 375 149 909 220 145 12 206 16 000 401 635
Accumulated amortization (332) - (165 703) (658) (4 960) (171 653)
Impairment loss - (23 184) (218) - - (23 402)
Net carrying amount opening balance  3 043  126 725  54 224  11 548  11 040  206 580 
             
             
Changes in 12 months ended 31 December 2014
Reclassifications - - 108 556 7 000 - 115 556
Acquisition - - 13 488 59 - 13 547
Disposal (cost) - - (10 518) - - (10 518)
Disposal (accumulated amortization) - - 8 711 - - 8 711
Depreciation (92) - (18 699) (600) (8 832) (28 223)
Impairment loss (-) - (3 131) - - - (3 131)
Acquisition of subsidiaries - 79 414 2 362 3 600 - 85 376
Liquidation (cost) - - (7 074) - - (7 074)
Liquidation (accumulated amortization) - - 6 799 - - 6 799
Other - - 1 974 - - 1 974
Other (accumulated amortization) - - 364 - - 364
             
             
Balance as at 31 December 2014            
Cost closing balance 3 375 229 323 328 933 22 865 16 000 600 496
Accumulated amortization (424) - (168 528) (1 258) (13 792) (184 002)
Impairment loss - (26 315) (218) - - (26 533)
Net carrying amount closing balance  2 951  203 008  160 187  21 607  2 208  389 961 

No collateral has been established on intangible assets.